Microsporum canis pseudomycetoma and disseminated Mycobacterium genavense infection in an HIV/AIDS patient, an unusual combination.

Pseudomycetomas are rare fungal subcutaneous infections caused by dermatophytes, which are mainly observed in immunocompromised patients. Mycobacterium genavense is considered an opportunistic pathogen in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), clinically resembling the presentation of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Here, we describe the case of a 26-year-old PLWHA with a 3-month history of a 4cm tumoral, duroelastic and painful lesion located on the back. Histopathology of the tumoral lesion revealed chronic granulomatous inflammation with grains composed of PAS-positive and Grocott-positive septate hyphae, as well as acid-fast bacilli (AFB). Culture on Sabouraud and lactrimel agar developed colonies that were later identified as Microsporum canis. In successive samples, the AFB were identified as M. genavense by restriction analysis of PCR products. Immunocompromised PLWHA not only suffer increased susceptibility to diseases due to unusual pathogens but also atypical clinical presentation of frequently encountered pathogens.

Meningeal cryptococcosis and SARS-CoV-2 infection in people living with HIV/AIDS. / Criptococosis meníngea e infección por SARS-CoV-2 en personas con VIH/SIDA

INTRODUCTION: Fungal infections in patients with COVID-19 was one of the most debated topics during the pandemic. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical characteristics and evolution of people living with HIV/AIDS and coinfection with cryptococcus and COVID-19 (group A) or without it (group B). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an analytical and retrospective study. We reviewed medical records of patients with meningeal cryptococcosis between April 2020 and May 2021. RESULTS: We studied 65 people living with HIV/AIDS and with cryptococcosis infection diagnosed from April 2020 to May 2021. Fifteen patients with HIV/AIDS suffered from cryptococcosis and COVID-19, and out of these, 14 presented meningitis (group A), while 28 suffered from meningeal cryptococcosis, but did not have COVID-19 (group B). CONCLUSIONS: No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups (A and B) considering: intracranial hypertension, presence of Cryptococcus antigens in cerebrospinal fluid, sensorium deterioration or mortality. The detection of Cryptococcus antigens in serum by lateral flow assay was highly effective to rapidly diagnose cryptococcosis in patients with HIV/AIDS who also developed COVID-19. Patients of both groups consulted for cryptoccocosis sometime after, in comparison with the pre-pandemic cases related to this infection.

Introducción: Las infecciones fúngicas en pacientes con COVID-19 fue uno de los temas más debatidos durante la pandemia. Objetivo: Analizar las características clínicas y la evolución de personas con VIH/SIDA que presentaron la asociación de criptococosis meníngea y COVID-19 (grupo A), y compararlas con aquellas personas con VIH/SIDA que padecieron criptococosis meníngea, pero sin infección de COVID-19 (grupo B). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico y retrospectivo en el que se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes que padecieron criptococosis meníngea entre abril de 2020 y mayo de 2021. Resultados: Se estudiaron 65 pacientes con HIV/SIDA y con criptococosis, diagnosticados entre abril de 2020 y mayo de 2021 (63 habían desarrollado sida y 2 eran negativos para VIH). De estos, 15 de los pacientes con sida padecían criptococosis y COVID-19, y 14 presentaban meningitis (grupo A), mientras que 28 pacientes padecieron criptococosis meníngea, pero no tuvieron COVID-19 (grupo B). Conclusiones: No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, entre los dos grupos, respecto a la hipertensión intracraneal, la presencia de antígenos de criptoccoco en líquido cefalorraquídeo, el deterioro del sensorio o la mortalidad. La detección de antígenos de Cryptococcus en suero por ensayo de flujo lateral fue efectiva para diagnosticar rápidamente criptococosis en personas con VIH/sida y con infección de COVID-19. Se observó que los pacientes de ambos grupos consultaron tarde por criptococosis en comparación con los casos prepandémicos de esta infección.

Meningeal cryptococcosis and SARS-CoV-2 infection in people living with HIV/AIDS

Introduction. Fungal infections in patients with COVID-19 was one of the most debated topics during the pandemic. Objectives. To analyze the clinical characteristics and evolution of people living with HIV/ AIDS and coinfection with cryptococcus and COVID-19 (group A) or without it (group B). Materials and methods. This is an analytical and retrospective study. We reviewed medical records of patients with meningeal cryptococcosis between April 2020 and May 2021. Results. We studied 65 people living with HIV/AIDS and with cryptococcosis infection diagnosed from April 2020 to May 2021. Fifteen patients with HIV/AIDS suffered from cryptococcosis and COVID-19, and out of these, 14 presented meningitis (group A), while 28 suffered from meningeal cryptococcosis, but did not have COVID-19 (group B). Conclusions. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups (A and B) considering: intracranial hypertension, presence of Cryptococcus antigens in cerebrospinal fluid, sensorium deterioration or mortality. The detection of Cryptococcus antigens in serum by lateral flow assay was highly effective to rapidly diagnose cryptococcosis in patients with HIV/AIDS who also developed COVID-19. Patients of both groups consulted for cryptoccocosis sometime after, in comparison with the pre-pandemic cases related to this infection.

Introducción. Las infecciones fúngicas en pacientes con COVID-19 fue uno de los temas más debatidos durante la pandemia. Objetivo. Analizar las características clínicas y la evolución de personas con VIH/SIDA que presentaron la asociación de criptococosis meníngea y COVID-19 (grupo A), y compararlas con aquellas personas con VIH/SIDA que padecieron criptococosis meníngea, pero sin infección de COVID-19 (grupo B). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio analítico y retrospectivo en el que se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes que padecieron criptococosis meníngea entre abril de 2020 y mayo de 2021. Resultados. Se estudiaron 65 pacientes con HIV/SIDA y con criptococosis, diagnosticados entre abril de 2020 y mayo de 2021 (63 habían desarrollado sida y 2 eran negativos para VIH). De estos, 15 de los pacientes con sida padecían criptococosis y COVID-19, y 14 presentaban meningitis (grupo A), mientras que 28 pacientes padecieron criptococosis meníngea, pero no tuvieron COVID-19 (grupo B). Conclusiones. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, entre los dos grupos, respecto a la hipertensión intracraneal, la presencia de antígenos de criptoccoco en líquido cefalorraquídeo, el deterioro del sensorio o la mortalidad. La detección de antígenos de Cryptococcus en suero por ensayo de flujo lateral fue efectiva para diagnosticar rápidamente criptococosis en personas con VIH/sida y con infección de COVID-19. Se observó que los pacientes de ambos grupos consultaron tarde por criptococosis en comparación con los casos prepandémicos de esta infección.

Viruela símica: zoonosis emergente con impacto global / Monkeypox: emerging zoonosis with unprecedentedglobal impact

El virus de la viruela símica es un orthopoxvirus de características zoonóticas endémico en las regiones de África Central y África Occidental, donde causa brotes desde 1970. En las últimas décadas se registró un aumento exponencial de casos, probablemente asociado a la disminución en la inmunidad conferida por la vacuna antivariólica, discontinuada luego de la erradicación de la viruela. En los últimos años se registraron casos esporádicos fuera del continente africano, siempre relacionados epidemiológicamente a la permanencia en áreas endémicas o contacto con animales infectados. Desde el 13 de mayo de 2022 se encuentra en curso el mayor brote de viruela símica registrado fuera de las áreas endémicas de África, con casos en los cinco continentes. La extensión, el impacto y la duración del brote permanecen aún inciertos.

Monkeypox virus is an orthopoxvirus with zoonotic characteristics endemic in Central and West Africa regions, where it has caused outbreaks since 1970. An exponential increase in cases has been registered in the last decades, probably associated with a decrease in the immunity conferred by the smallpox vaccine, discontinued after smallpox eradication. In recent years, sporadic cases have been reported outside the African continent, always epidemiologically related to permanence in endemic areas or contact with infected animals. Since May 13, 2022, the largest monkeypox outbreak ever reported outside Africa endemic areas, with cases on the five continents, is unfolding. The extent, impact and duration of this outbreak still remain uncertain

Características clínicas, métodos diagnósticos y evolución de la criptococosis extrameníngea en personas viviendo con VIH / Clinical features, diagnosis methods and evolution in non meningeal cryptococcosis in people living with VIH

La criptococosis es una micosis grave que se manifiesta, en el 90% de los casos, como una meningoencefalitis, especialmente en las personas con VIH. El objetivo de este estudio es describir los casos de criptococosis extrameníngea en personas viviendo con VIH y conocer cuántas de estas padecen compromiso meníngeo concomitante. Además, determinar la relación con el título de antígeno polisacárido capsular de Cryptococcus en suero. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional y analítico. Se incluyeron personas viviendo con VIH cuyo diagnóstico inicial de criptococosis se había realizado a partir de muestras extrameníngeas en el período comprendido entre 2012 y 2019. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos. Grupo 1, pacientes sin compromiso meníngeo; Grupo 2, aquellos que finalmente tenían compromiso del SNC. De un total de 531 criptococosis registradas en ese período, se incluyeron 113 pacientes (21%), de los cuales en 58 se comprobó el compromiso meníngeo. No se observaron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la mortalidad entre ambos grupos.Ninguno de los pacientes con antigenemia por LFA (antígeno capsular en suero por inmunocromatografía) positiva, pero con antigenemia por aglutinación de partículas de látex (AL) negativa, tuvo compromiso meníngeo. Se observó que títulos de antígeno para Cryptococcus en suero por AL mayor o igual a 1/100 se correlacionaron con un aumento de 30 veces en la posibilidad de padecer meningitis. En todos los casos se debe descartar el compromiso del SNC. La AL sigue siendo una prueba útil y complementaria, debido a que en los casos con AL negativa no se observó compromiso meníngeo

Cryptococcosis is a serious mycosis that manifests itself, in 90% of cases, as meningoencephalitis, especially in AIDS patients. The objective of this study is to describe the extra-meningeal cases of cryptococcosis in people living with HIV and to know how many of them suffer from concomitant meningeal involvement. Also, to determine its relationship with the Cryptococcus capsular polysaccharide antigen titer in serum.A retrospective, observational and analytical study was carried out. HIV-positive patients whose initial diagnosis had been made from extrameningeal samples in the period between 2012 and 2019 were included. The patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1: patients without meningeal involvement; group 2: those who finally had CNS involvement.Of a total of 531 cryptococcosis registered in this period, 113 patients (21%) were included, of whom meningeal involvement was confirmed in 58. No significant differences were observed in terms of mortality in both groups.None of the patients with positive LFA antigenemia (Capsular antigen detection by lateral Flow assay) but negative latex particle agglutination (LA) antigenemia had meningeal involvement. LFA was found to be highly sensitive and allows early diagnosis, but it does not replace other diagnostic procedures.Serum Cryptococcus antigen titers for by LA greater than or equal to 1/100 were found to correlate with a 30-fold increase in the likelihood of meningitis.In all cases, CNS involvement must be ruled out. LA continues to be a useful and complementary test, because in cases with negative LA, no meningeal involvement was observed

Enfermedad por arañazo de gato con compromiso hepato-esplénico en adultos inmunocompetentes / Hepatosplenic cat-scratch disease in immunocompetent adults cat scratch

La enfermedad por arañazo de gato (EAG) es una zoonosis emergente causada por Bartonella henselae. Puede presentarse de forma atípica, incluyendo meningitis, neuroretinitis, endocarditis y compromiso hepatoesplénico, lo cual es poco frecuente en adultos inmunocompetentes. Su manejo terapéutico es controvertido dada la ausencia de ensayos aleatorizados al respecto. Se describen 5 casos de EAG con compromiso hepato-esplénico, donde la correcta anamnesis epidemiológica permitió la sospecha diagnóstica, evitando la realización de procedimientos invasivos en la mayoría de los casos. La posibilidad de realización de PCR y serología para Bartonella spp. fueron de vital importancia

Cat scratch disease (CSD) is an emerging zoonosis caused by Bartonella henselae. It can occur atypically including meningitis, neuroretinitis, endocarditis and hepatosplenic involvement, a rare occurrence in immunocompetent adults. Therapeutic management is controversial, supported by case series and retrospective data published literature. Five cases of CSD with hepatosplenic involvement are described. The correct clinical and epidemiological anamnesis allow the diagnostic and avoid the performance of invasive procedures in most cases. The possibility of performing Bartonella spp PCR and serology is crucial

Infecciones fúngicas en pacientes con COVID-19 / Fungal infections in patients with COVID-19

En diciembre de 2019 se identificó en Wuhan, China, un nuevo coronavirus denominado SARS-CoV-2, agente causal de la epidemia de neumonía atípica COVID-2019, que el 11 de marzo de 2020 fue declarada pandemia por la OMS.Hasta el 30 de septiembre de 2020, en Argentina fueron confirmados 751.001 casos y más de 16.937 muertes.La frecuencia y el impacto de las coinfecciones que afectan a los pacientes infectados por SARS-Cov-2 se ha estudiado junto con el avance de la pandemia. Entre las debidas a hongos se encuentran las fungemias por Candida sp, la aspergilosis invasora, las micosis sistémicas endémicas y la neumocistosis. Presentamos las distintas coinfecciones micosis-COVID-19 que fueron asistidas en nuestra institución entre abril y septiembre de 2020, y se realiza un análisis de las características de estas infecciones en pacientes con y sin sida. En este período se internaron 2837 pacientes, 2287 tuvieron diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19. La coinfección de COVID-19 con micosis pulmonares o sistémicas fue menor al 1%.Dieciocho pacientes presentaron infecciones fúngicas pulmonares o sistémicas. Ocho padecieron candidemias, cinco criptococosis meningeas, dos histoplasmosis, dos aspergilosis invasoras agudas probables y una aspergilosis pulmonar crónica. La estadía prolongada en terapia intensiva facilitó las fungemias por Candida sp, los casos de histoplasmosis y criptococosis parecen relacionarse con la enfermedad avanzada por VIH y no con COVID-19. Los enfermos con un componente inflamatorio basal alto con neumonía grave por coronavirus se relacionan más con micosis invasoras que los enfermos VIH positivos con niveles bajos de LTCD4+

On December 2019 a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) result in atypical pneumonía epidemic, it was identified in Wuhan China and it was called COVID-19. Then on March 11 was declared pandemic by the WHO.Until September 30, 2020 in Argentina 751,001 cases and more than 16,937 deaths have been confirmed. The frequency and impact of co-infections affecting SARS-Cov2 infected patients has been studied with the advance of the pandemic. Among those due to fungi are Candida sp fungemias, invasive aspergillosis, endemic systemic mycoses, and pneumocystosis.We present the different mycosis-COVID-19 co-infections that were assisted in F. J. Muñiz Hospital between April and September of this year and review the characteristics of these infections in patients with and without AIDS is carried out.In this period, 2,837 patients were admitted in the Muñiz hospital, 2,287 had a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19.Co-infection of COVID-19 with pulmonary or systemic mycoses was less than 1%.Eighteen patients had pulmonary or systemic fungal infections. Eight suffered from candidemia, five meningeal cryptococcosis, two histoplasmosis, two probable acute invasive aspergillosis, and one chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.Prolonged stay in intensive care facilitated fungemia due to Candida sp. Histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis cases seem to be related to advanced HIV disease and not to COVID-19.Patients with a high baseline inflammatory component with severe coronavirus pneumonia are more associated with invasive mycoses than HIV-positive patients with low levels of LTCD4 +

[Recurrent lymphocytic meningitis by herpes simplex virus type 2]. / Meningitis linfocítica recurrente por virus herpes simple tipo 2.

Recurrent lymphocytic meningitis or Mollaret's meningitis is a rare condition caused by a number of infectious, autoimmune, toxic and neoplastic diseases. Herpes simplex type 2 is the most commonly isolated agent. It usually compromises middle aged women, with a self-limited clinical presentation that resolves within a week leaving no sequelae. Its diagnosis is mainly based on nucleic acid detection on cerebrospinal fluid. Antiviral prophylaxis has not shown conclusive to avoid recurrences.

La meningitis linfocítica recurrente o meningitis de Mollaret es una entidad asociada a un gran número de etiologías infecciosas, autoinmunes, toxicológicas y neoplásicas. En la actualidad el virus herpes simple tipo 2 (HSV-2) es el agente más frecuentemente aislado. Afecta frecuentemente a mujeres de mediana edad y tiende a autolimitarse sin secuelas dentro de la primera semana de inicio de síntomas. El diagnóstico se basa en la detección de ácidos nucleicos virales en el líquido cefalorraquídeo. Al momento no se ha demostrado beneficio en el uso de tratamiento antiviral en la prevención de recurrencias.

Meningitis linfocítica recurrente por virus herpes simple tipo 2 / Recurrent lymphocytic meningitis by herpes simplex virus type 2

La meningitis linfocítica recurrente o meningitis de Mollaret es una entidad asociada a un gran número de etiologías infecciosas, autoinmunes, toxicológicas y neoplásicas. En la actualidad el virus herpes simple tipo 2 (HSV-2) es el agente más frecuentemente aislado. Afecta frecuentemente a mujeres de mediana edad y tiende a autolimitarse sin secuelas dentro de la primera semana de inicio de síntomas. El diagnóstico se basa en la detección de ácidos nucleicos virales en el líquido cefalorraquídeo. Al momento no se ha demostrado beneficio en el uso de tratamiento antiviral en la prevención de recurrencias.

Recurrent lymphocytic meningitis or Mollaret´s meningitis is a rare condition caused by a number of infectious, autoimmune, toxic and neoplastic diseases. Herpes simplex type 2 is the most commonly isolated agent. It usually compromises middle aged women, with a self-limited clinical presentation that resolves within a week leaving no sequelae. Its diagnosis is mainly based on nucleic acid detection on cerebrospinal fluid. Antiviral prophylaxis has not shown conclusive to avoid recurrences.

Clinical and epidemiological features of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in patients with HIV/AIDS in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: Trypanosoma cruzi reactivation in HIV patients is considered an opportunistic infection, usually with a fatal outcome. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical features of T. cruzi infection in HIV patients and to compare these findings between patients with and without Chagas disease reactivation. METHODS: The medical records of T. cruzi-HIV co-infected patients treated at the Muñiz Infectious Diseases Hospital from January 2005 to December 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. Epidemiological and clinical features were assessed and compared between patients with and without Chagas disease reactivation. RESULTS: The medical records of 80 T. cruzi-HIV co-infected patients were reviewed. The most likely route of T. cruzi infection was vector-borne (32/80 patients), followed by intravenous drug use (12/80). Nine of 80 patients had reactivation. Patients without reactivation had a significantly higher CD4 T-cell count at diagnosis of T. cruzi infection (144 cells/µl vs. 30 cells/µl, p=0.026). Chagas disease serology was negative in two of nine patients with reactivation. CONCLUSIONS: Serological assays for T. cruzi infection may be negative in severely immunocompromised patients. Direct parasitological techniques should be performed in the diagnosis of patients for whom there is a suspicion of T. cruzi reactivation. HIV patients with a lower CD4 count are at higher risk of reactivation.

[Clinical problems in medical mycology: Problem number 51]. / Problemas clínicos en micología médica: problema número 51.

A 48 year-old immunocompetent woman, who had a nodular lesion in the neck and a dense infiltrate at the lower lobe of the left lung, presented at the Mycology Unit of Muñiz Hospital of Buenos Aires City. The pulmonary infiltrate disappeared spontaneously 3 months later. The histopathological study of the nodular lesion showed capsulated yeasts (mucicarmin and alcian blue positive stains) compatible with Cryptococcus. The mycological study of a new sample, obtained by a nodular puncture, allowed the isolation of yeasts, identified as Cryptococcus gattii (VGII). Latex test for Cryptococcus capsular antigen in serum was positive (1/100). CSF cultures rendered negative results. Fluconazole at a daily dose of 800mg was given during 45 days with partial improvement; as cultures from a new clinical sample were positive for Cryptococcus, the antimycotic was changed to itraconazole 400mg/day for 5 months, with an excellent clinical response.

[Failure to radical cure in Plasmodium vivax malaria]. / Malaria por Plasmodium vivax y falla al tratamiento radical.

Relapsing Plasmodium vivax malaria is due to activation of dormant intrahepatic parasitic forms known as hypnozoits. Primaquine is the only available drug effective against hypnozoits and, alongside a schizonticidal drug, constitutes the radical treatment of malaria. Failure of radical treatment is frequently attributed to inadequate dosing, poor adherence, or reinfection. However, several cases of radical treatment failure without these factors have been reported, inferring that metabolic properties of the host or tolerance mechanisms of the parasite may be implied. A case of malaria due to Plasmodium vivax acquired in the Amazonic region, treated outside endemic area, with multiple relapses despite adequate radical treatment is described.

Malaria por Plasmodium vivax y falla al tratamiento radical / Failure to radical cure in Plasmodium vivax malaria

Relapsing Plasmodium vivax malaria is due to activation of dormant intrahepatic parasitic forms known as hypnozoits. Primaquine is the only available drug effective against hypnozoits and, alongside a schizonticidal drug, constitutes the radical treatment of malaria. Failure of radical treatment is frequently attributed to inadequate dosing, poor adherence, or reinfection. However, several cases of radical treatment failure without these factors have been reported, inferring that metabolic properties of the host or tolerance mechanisms of the parasite may be implied. A case of malaria due to Plasmodium vivax acquired in the Amazonic region, treated outside endemic area, with multiple relapses despite adequate radical treatment is described.

La infección por Plasmodium vivax se caracteriza por la formación de hipnozoítos que permanecen quiescentes en los hepatocitos del hospedero y son responsables de las recaídas de la malaria. Primaquina es el único fármaco en uso para la erradicación de los hipnozoítos y asociado a un agente esquizonticida, constituye el tratamiento radical. Las fallas al tratamiento radical están relacionados con una dosificación subóptima, adherencia inadecuada y reinfección. Sin embargo, cuando estos factores están ausentes, se han postulado mecanismos propios del metabolismo del hospedero y de tolerancia del parásito. Se describe un caso de malaria por P. vivax adquirido en la región amazónica asistido fuera de la zona endémica, con múltiples recaídas a pesar del tratamiento radical adecuado.